**邊際效用的多系統耦合理論：對新古典消費者理論的範式重構** **A Multi-System Coupling Theory of Marginal Utility: Paradigmatic Reconstruction of Neoclassical Consumer Theory** **作者：Neo.K (****許筌崴)** **機構：一言諾科技有限公司 (EveMissLab)** **日期：2025****年3****月** ---------- **摘要** 本文對新古典經濟學的核心假設——邊際效用遞減定律——提出系統性質疑，並建立基於多系統耦合的新效用理論框架。我們論證：傳統邊際效用遞減定律僅在孤立單系統消費情境下成立，而現代經濟中大量消費行為涉及多系統耦合（社交、身份、權力、文化等），在此情境下邊際效用呈現遞增甚至相變特徵。通過引入分形動態因果系統(FDCS)框架，我們將效用函數重構為「消費量→關聯節點激發→多系統耦合→湧現效用」的非線性映射，並建立耦合節點數、耦合性質與效用函數形態的數學關係。本文進一步證明：(1)邊際效用遞減是農業社會單系統消費的特例，而非普遍規律；(2)網絡社會中遞增效用消費成為主導，導致傳統福利經濟學失效；(3)財富不平等在多系統耦合經濟中具有系統動力學必然性。我們的理論能統一解釋奢侈品市場、成癮機制、財富集中、網絡效應等傳統理論無法處理的現象，並對稅制設計、反壟斷政策、數位經濟監管提供新的理論基礎。 **關鍵詞**：邊際效用、多系統耦合、非線性效用函數、FDCS、網絡消費、相變經濟學 **JEL****分類**：D11, D01, B41, C65 ---------- **一、引言** **1.1** **核心悖論的提出** 邊際效用遞減定律(Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility)是新古典經濟學的基石之一。自戈森(Gossen, 1854)、杰文斯(Jevons, 1871)、門格爾(Menger, 1871)以來，該定律被表述為：在其他條件不變的情況下，隨著消費量的增加，每增加一單位商品所帶來的額外效用(邊際效用)呈遞減趨勢。這一假設支撐了需求曲線向下傾斜、消費者均衡、消費者剩餘等一系列核心概念，並成為福利經濟學、稅收理論、公共政策的理論基礎。 然而，當我們審視現代經濟中的實際消費行為時，發現大量系統性違背該定律的現象： **現象1****：奢侈品收藏的遞增效用** 高端藝術品、限量名錶、稀有葡萄酒的收藏者普遍表現出：擁有的數量越多，獲得下一件藏品的渴望越強烈。愛馬仕包的收藏者在擁有第10個、第50個包時的邊際效用，顯著高於第1個。 **現象2****：財富累積的加速追求** 億萬富翁在達到財務自由後，追求財富的動力不減反增。索羅斯、巴菲特、馬斯克等人在擁有數百億美元後，仍持續進行高風險投資與商業擴張。 **現象3****：社交網絡的非線性回報** 社交媒體的影響力、企業家的人脈網絡、學術界的引用網絡，都呈現「富者愈富」的馬太效應——第1000個粉絲帶來的價值遠大於第10個。 **現象4****：知識技能的突破性增值** 專業技能在突破某個臨界點後，邊際回報劇增。程式設計師從「會寫code」到「系統架構師」的跨越，帶來的職業價值增長是非線性的。 **現象5****：成癮物質的遞增渴求** 賭博、毒品、網路遊戲的成癮者，其邊際效用明顯遞增——需要更大劑量或更高賭注才能達到相同滿足感，但同時渴望強度也在增加。 這些現象並非個案，而是現代經濟中的普遍模式。Veblen(1899)的炫耀性消費、Leibenstein(1950)的樂隊花車效應(bandwagon effect)、Becker & Murphy(1988)的理性成癮理論、Arthur(1989)的報酬遞增，都在不同程度上觸及了這個問題。然而，主流經濟學要麼將這些視為「特例」，要麼通過引入複雜的效用函數形式來「打補丁」，卻從未質疑邊際效用遞減假設本身的適用邊界。 **1.2** **研究問題** 本文提出三個核心研究問題： **Q1**：邊際效用遞減定律的成立條件是什麼？在什麼情況下該定律失效？ **Q2**：如何建立統一的理論框架，既能解釋遞減現象(如食物消費)，又能解釋遞增現象(如財富累積)？ **Q3**：邊際效用遞增對經濟政策(稅制、反壟斷、福利)有何含義？ **1.3** **核心論點預覽** 本文的核心論點可總結為： **論點1**：邊際效用遞減僅在「孤立單系統消費」(isolated single-system consumption)情境下成立，即消費的效用來源單一且與外部系統無耦合。 **論點2**：現代消費大多屬於「多系統耦合消費」(multi-system coupled consumption)，即消費行為同時激發並耦合多個效用系統(生理、社交、身份、權力、文化等)。 **論點3**：多系統耦合通過非線性交互項產生效用放大，當耦合節點數≥3且存在強交互時，邊際效用呈遞增。 **論點4**：從孤立消費到網絡消費的歷史轉變，對應著從遞減經濟到遞增經濟的範式轉換。 **論點5**：傳統福利經濟學建立在遞減假設上，在遞增經濟中其政策含義需根本性重構。 **1.4** **理論貢獻** 本文的理論貢獻包括： 1. **範式層面**：首次系統性提出「多系統耦合」作為效用理論的微觀基礎，取代傳統的「單一效用函數」範式。 2. **數學層面**：建立效用函數與系統耦合拓撲的形式化映射，證明耦合節點數與效用函數凹凸性的關係。 3. **解釋層面**：統一解釋奢侈品、財富、網絡、成癮等看似無關的經濟現象，揭示其共同的多系統耦合機制。 4. **政策層面**：揭示累進稅、反壟斷、福利政策在遞增經濟中的局限性，提出新的政策設計原則。 5. **跨學科層面**：將複雜系統理論、網絡科學、相變理論引入微觀經濟學，建立經濟學與系統科學的橋樑。 **1.5** **論文結構** 本文其餘部分組織如下：第二節回顧並批判傳統效用理論；第三節建立多系統耦合的理論框架；第四節進行數學形式化；第五節分析典型案例；第六節提出可檢驗的預測；第七節討論政策含義；第八節總結並展望未來研究方向。 ---------- **二、文獻回顧與理論批判** **2.1** **邊際效用遞減的歷史發展** **2.1.1** **古典表述** 邊際效用遞減的最早系統表述見於戈森第一定律(Gossen's First Law, 1854)：「同一享受的連續重複將導致其所帶來的快樂遞減，直至達到飽和點。」杰文斯(1871)將其形式化為： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 其中![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAsAAAAcCAMAAACAobU3AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAEtQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OpDbZgAAZpDbZrb/kDoAkGY6kNv/tmYAttv/tv//25A62////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///b8NXjwAAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAVklEQVQoU2NgGCggysbILMggwsjIAXSBCBMfkORnEQaSQiBSggckLMHDCiRF2UGS4pzcIIVAPTCSHySJrJwBLAJRzsDPLMAgxglWwiDBy8jIxEUPnwIAyWcC3KKY+sAAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)為總效用，![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAAcCAMAAACEVGUKAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAEtQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmOma2OpDbZjoAZrbbkDoAkDo6kGY6kNvbkNv/tmYAtmY6tmaQtv//25A62//b2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2///bf3P00gAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAPUlEQVQoU2NgGHggzs7Ey8APxBICwpxs/BwQFwkxskGdJsosCGFJcAMVgRlcPJxsYkCFfCy8QIWsIlT3BADNmAHHAFuxygAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)為消費量。 **2.1.2** **序數效用革命** Pareto(1906)、Hicks & Allen(1934)的序數效用革命試圖擺脫基數效用的心理學色彩，改用無差異曲線和邊際替代率遞減(diminishing marginal rate of substitution)： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 邊際替代率遞減意味著凸性偏好，數學上等價於擬凹效用函數(quasi-concave utility function)。然而，這仍然隱含了邊際效用遞減的精神——增加某商品消費需要越來越多的另一商品補償。 **2.1.3** **顯示偏好理論** Samuelson(1938)的顯示偏好理論(Revealed Preference Theory)試圖完全避開效用概念，僅從選擇行為推導需求理論。然而，其推導出的需求曲線向下傾斜，仍然與邊際效用遞減一致。 **2.2** **對遞減假設的挑戰** 儘管邊際效用遞減被奉為圭臬，歷史上也有若干挑戰： **2.2.1 Veblen****的炫耀性消費** Veblen(1899)在《有閒階級論》中提出：上層階級的消費目的不是滿足需求，而是展示地位。奢侈品的價格越高、越稀缺，其炫耀價值越大。這暗示了某種遞增機制，但Veblen未進行形式化。 **2.2.2 Leibenstein****的外部性效應** Leibenstein(1950)區分了三種消費外部性： - **樂隊花車效應**(bandwagon effect)：他人消費增加我的消費慾望 - **勢利效應**(snob effect)：他人消費減少我的消費慾望 - **Veblen****效應**：價格越高需求越大 這些效應顯示效用依賴於社會環境，但Leibenstein仍將其視為「異常」情況。 **2.2.3 Becker****的理性成癮** Becker & Murphy(1988)建立了理性成癮模型，允許過去消費影響當前邊際效用： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 其中![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA4AAAAcCAMAAABmiH5zAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFdQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOpDbZgAAZgBmZjoAZjpmZrbbZrb/kDoAkNv/tmYAtmY6ttv/tv//25A625C227aQ2////9uQ//+2///bYRB+gwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAaUlEQVQoU81QSRKAIAwDRNwFWVwo/3+nZUaccvRmLp20mTQtYz9Fcorz3pd0VnoWu/BQGDWNnQxOCeIs1mru+FCdaeVFuW0L21F3KjSHJe/KGRq0ilhfDfazjMBtlMEUDmIPRlRhv//7BmS9A6f3Rw1IAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)為「成癮資本」。這可以產生邊際效用遞增，但仍被框定在「理性選擇」範式內。 **2.2.4 Arthur****的報酬遞增** Arthur(1989, 1994)在技術採納、網絡外部性、路徑依賴的研究中，系統性論證了報酬遞增的存在。然而，這些主要聚焦於生產端，對消費端的效用函數形態討論較少。 **2.3** **現有理論的根本缺陷** 儘管上述文獻觸及了邊際效用遞增的某些方面，但存在三個根本性缺陷： **缺陷1****：特例化(Exceptionalism)** 主流理論將遞增現象視為「外部性」「異常偏好」「市場失靈」，而非效用理論本身的問題。這種「打補丁」策略無法解釋為何現代經濟中「特例」如此普遍。 **缺陷2****：微觀基礎缺失(Lack of Microfoundations)** 現有文獻描述了遞增現象，但未能提供統一的微觀機制解釋為何某些商品遞減、某些遞增。Veblen效應、網絡效應、成癮等被視為不同現象，缺乏共同的理論基礎。 **缺陷3****：範式僵化(Paradigmatic Rigidity)** 所有嘗試都在「效用 = 消費的函數」這個框架內展開。即使引入社會互動(如Leibenstein)、跨期依賴(如Becker)，效用仍被視為消費量的某種函數。這個範式本身可能是問題所在。 **2.4** **本文的範式轉換** 本文主張的範式轉換可表述為： **舊範式**： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 效用是消費組合的函數。 **新範式**： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 效用是消費量![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAAcCAMAAACEVGUKAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAEtQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmOma2OpDbZjoAZrbbkDoAkDo6kGY6kNvbkNv/tmYAtmY6tmaQtv//25A62//b2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2///bf3P00gAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAPUlEQVQoU2NgGHggzs7Ey8APxBICwpxs/BwQFwkxskGdJsosCGFJcAMVgRlcPJxsYkCFfCy8QIWsIlT3BADNmAHHAFuxygAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)、耦合網絡拓撲![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAcCAMAAABf788oAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGxQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjoAOjo6OjqQOmaQOma2OpDbZgAAZgA6ZjoAZjo6ZmZmZrb/kDoAkLbbkLb/kNv/tmYAtmY6tmZmttuQtv//25A62////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bo7bZdgAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAcElEQVQoU9WPWRKAIAxDi4o77guuINz/jlJgHI+g7yP9SJtpAH6EXkjQ47+yIcVp5jrqIZgBVD1f7WSbyCylACJC23LQI9yNPj05U1WvBxuEmGPgFNUjkx1EuOWvCLNVdcz5C3PHnPgIEZMSDWH1O9yAmwYkGLL9TQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)、耦合性質![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAcCAMAAABvY94JAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGBQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADpmADqQAGaQOgAAOgA6Ojo6OmaQOma2OpC2OpDbZgAAZjoAZjo6ZjpmZrbbZrb/kDoAkNv/tmY6tpBmttv/25A627Zm27aQ2////7Zm/9uQ//+2///bDiXBzwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAV0lEQVQoU72OVw6AMAxDHUZZZZVN1/1vSdqKI8D7ipwn2cDf+F0QtaHVjZ3GRQrwi/SbstUKnIWGETlfrpfvNitYSpiMX4now01HcEuNu55jPBA1nH3GAzQaA9mW0PLUAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)的函數。 **關鍵差異**： - 舊範式：效用來自物品本身 - 新範式：效用來自「物品激發的系統耦合模式」 這不是參數調整，而是本體論重構——我們改變的不是效用函數的形式，而是「什麼是效用」的定義本身。 ---------- **三、理論框架：多系統耦合效用理論** **3.1** **核心概念定義** **3.1.1** **效用系統(Utility System)** **定義3.1**：效用系統![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA0AAAAcCAMAAACNv8VwAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFpQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOpDbZgAAZgBmZjoAZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kNv/tmYAtmY6trb/ttu2ttv/tv//25A627aQ2////9uQ//+2///bi8FS2gAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAZ0lEQVQoU82QRxaAIAxEgyIqFhQUC3D/axqehbh059/Nm5RJAH5FMIKxyl6ZNLfgyuVUXvYkalDoJVybddQ1rKZ3ab4TqQuAMIwAKxZt4h4bV+c4xUv0E7EoYbDtwTfzRJR8bfn21wNGFQOoazcHGgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)是一個能夠為消費主體提供滿足感的獨立因果網絡，具有以下特徵： - 有明確的刺激-反應機制 - 可獨立於其他系統運作 - 具有可識別的神經/心理基礎 **示例**： - ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFRQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOpDbZgAAZjoAZrbbZrb/kDoAtmYAtmY6tmZmtraQttv/tv//25A627Zm27aQ2////9uQ//+2///bdHaPgQAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAYElEQVQoU2NgGPRAWoCNkZFDGO5OfhZhBkl2ERhfiosXxQvSfEB5ZCDJzcSDqkKAkRPV1/wsEigC/KxArhjYDlGgUnE2XgZpQSEwH+QYZrB5SG4AayaRz8/IiO4MMqICAJYSA6TtniMzAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)：生理系統(hunger, thirst, thermal comfort) - ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGNQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOjqQOmaQOpDbZgAAZjoAZrbbZrb/kDoAkDpmkLb/tmYAtmY6ttv/tv//25A625Bm27Zm27aQ2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bo2J1SAAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAb0lEQVQoU81RSRKAMAgDrXVfa7Uu1f7/lVIdHbl6kltCCGEA+H25XiIm+smphAYbDzfei5qd4Brqv8uWQcUVPeb8aiUWRqgIYJKYETuSdJY12HTZ/CYfJrz8XPuEOLHhQUzHPKm7vgSWfJAPfPnEARCiBGPO9xroAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)：社交系統(social approval, status signaling) - ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGlQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOjqQOmaQOma2OpDbZgAAZgA6ZjoAZjqQZma2ZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kNv/tmYAtmY6ttv/tv//25A627aQ2////9uQ/9u2//+2///bSFIWNwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAb0lEQVQoU81QRw6AMAxL2HuPltHS/P+RFCFQc+aCb3Ecyw7A70EyQkyWN6cIFtDx+symHFgFGu3eha69niskFry1CBQjRAg0IWaW3ax0jwYwjTLVDHCF8W+/vXWvTOl13PVwk+lU0egkJYmYf//9CbxEBYtoO33VAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)：身份系統(self-concept, identity construction) - ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGNQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOpDbZgAAZjoAZmY6Zma2ZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkGYAkNv/tmYAtmY6tpCQttv/tv//25A625Bm27aQ2////7Zm/9uQ//+2///b325qNgAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAbElEQVQoU81QSRKAMAgrVeu+VOuubf//SuFglbMXc2AmkAkBIX4PPyqAbA45TTwLmy43d0XHTvAa52/YUrZcMULOrzbxwRomQeo1qVYsu6IVW0WcwkTkdzY0CnA1SqfHZgUEt2V69O/l8Pn5FxTTBHIi1VLuAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)：認知系統(learning, curiosity satisfaction) - ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFpQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOma2OpDbZgAAZjoAZjqQZrbbZrb/kDoAkGYAkNv/tmYAtmY6tmZmttv/tv//25A627aQ2////9uQ//+2///bkROi6AAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAaElEQVQoU81RRw6AMAyLy96jzI7/f5NWzHDkRG5OLA+F6PdjhxhIpyunDCfSyXxiUzSsgm3d/Tm6FDVnDMh5axkqtpARkQRET7Q46ho7i3F39GECr3fgOxbwUrHdw8ZUiuMWyLjrl09s1MAELAu/skEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)：權力系統(control, influence) - ![](data:image/png;base64,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)：審美系統(beauty, harmony) - ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGBQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOjqQOma2OpDbZgAAZjoAZma2ZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkNv/tmYAtmY6tmZmttv/tv//25A627aQ2////9uQ/9u2//+2///bqqpM8AAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAaUlEQVQoU2NgGPRAXpSNkZFDHO5OERZxBhl2CRhfjkcQxQvyQkB5ZCDDyySAqkKUkRvV1yIs0igCIqwMcjyMjCBlkkAsxSbIIMvPwCAmzMAAcgwzxDwZPlRTRIHSSECGC780J6qd5MUDAOjLBAbk2CQEAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)：文化系統(cultural capital, taste) **3.1.2** **系統耦合(System Coupling)** **定義3.2**：系統耦合是指兩個或多個效用系統因同一消費行為而產生相互作用，導致總效用不等於各系統效用的簡單加總。 數學上，耦合表現為效用函數的交互項： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 而是： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 其中![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADQAAAAcCAMAAAAZWWyCAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAI1QTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OjpmOjqQOma2OpDbZgAAZgA6ZgBmZjoAZmZmZma2ZpBmZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kGZmkLbbkNvbkNv/tmYAtmY6tmZmtpA6trb/ttu2ttv/tv//25A625Bm27Zm2/+22////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bERH03gAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAABDElEQVQ4T+1TS3uCMBBMAMWWh7a2jVbAtjZVCMn//3ndLBiIJAcuPfh1D7nM7GNmN4T8xx048BPT4G2mDh6eCA+/Z2XJDLo0M5OQXy5djdodzN0ExRQDvqoi13QyS2rxsEmnOYpBrRenoHJRE5nBMwmxKkibvTqyUKyIXb6iJO4rR3Q3QtRO6+JGOFqgIQOUvXJooqqnxeV5NIViWqFiwD/TsVi57l35oFEhYhSGlaFYlyTzLdwDSBoAkShGbSUcqVBM5nrOYasG4Gm7f7eNqZAK7Y64s0GcAUp6ex5y/fUJ1KuGbkYdBpD5gaWttRxcVmeUHQYQj3VjGdPzvOfpv1vFPL/HC8z6NX9E/gWvoxhx6TXeIgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)為耦合係數。 **3.1.3** **孤立消費vs****網絡消費** **定義3.3**：孤立消費(Isolated Consumption)指僅激發單一效用系統、與外部社會網絡無耦合的消費行為。 **定義3.4**：網絡消費(Networked Consumption)指同時激發多個效用系統、與社會網絡存在耦合的消費行為。 **判別準則**： - 孤立消費：消費行為不改變主體在任何社會網絡中的位置 - 網絡消費：消費行為改變主體在至少一個社會網絡中的位置 **3.1.4** **關聯節點(Coupling Node)** **定義3.5**：關聯節點是效用系統之間的連接點，消費通過激發該節點來耦合多個系統。 **節點類型**： - **顯性節點**：消費直接改變的社會關係(如買禮物→改變友誼關係) - **隱性節點**：消費間接影響的心理狀態(如買奢侈品→自尊提升) - **結構節點**：消費改變的網絡拓撲(如加入俱樂部→進入新社交圈) **3.2** **理論公設** 本理論基於以下四個公設： **公設1****（系統分離性）**：存在可區分的多個效用系統，每個系統可獨立產生效用。 **公設2****（非線性耦合）**：當多個系統同時被激發時，系統間的交互作用產生非線性效用增益。 **公設3****（拓撲依賴性）**：效用不僅依賴於消費量，還依賴於消費者在社會網絡中的拓撲位置。 **公設4****（相變存在性）**：當消費量跨越臨界閾值時，可激發新的效用系統，導致效用函數形態突變。 **3.3** **效用函數的拓撲重構** 基於上述公設，我們將效用函數重構為： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 其中： - ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAAcCAMAAACEVGUKAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAEtQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmOma2OpDbZjoAZrbbkDoAkDo6kGY6kNvbkNv/tmYAtmY6tmaQtv//25A62//b2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2///bf3P00gAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAPUlEQVQoU2NgGHggzs7Ey8APxBICwpxs/BwQFwkxskGdJsosCGFJcAMVgRlcPJxsYkCFfCy8QIWsIlT3BADNmAHHAFuxygAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)：消費量 - ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACYAAAAcCAMAAAA6Aj1XAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAIpQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OgBmOjoAOjo6OjqQOmaQOma2OpDbZgAAZgA6ZjoAZjo6ZmZmZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kGY6kLbbkLb/kNvbkNv/tmYAtmY6tmZmtmaQttuQttv/tv//25A627aQ2//b2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bpxx2GQAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAA7ElEQVQ4T+2S2RLCIAxFg9W6i1oVt7ZuqMXy/78nCSlaR18dH+SBhsy93BOmAP/17RcwSRoi9fDoa5uLxgILMxXDq/vqAe7VMn3v2a2tariynKS3ZOPU3VMNv4j4bPq9GKBo0SVWyfqQoaFj7RzaSTG6QyG3qUvIMQW090Mmy/HCKgIEn2H3FyXz+VMHoSCLccdVeUELTuf7kbmIDjxfkD3QPQZCleMZeyuZXREY0+bSQ2XCozEb2OVWSUNweG3RFiOqaWevczVTBzeiEQMGK+jz+d2eVSE1NMModdlLCD/HiwaP53d/yBvdb7TuD9MU/sIprxMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)：消費量![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAAcCAMAAACEVGUKAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAEtQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmOma2OpDbZjoAZrbbkDoAkDo6kGY6kNvbkNv/tmYAtmY6tmaQtv//25A62//b2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2///bf3P00gAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAPUlEQVQoU2NgGHggzs7Ey8APxBICwpxs/BwQFwkxskGdJsosCGFJcAMVgRlcPJxsYkCFfCy8QIWsIlT3BADNmAHHAFuxygAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)激發的耦合網絡拓撲 - ![](data:image/png;base64,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)：給定消費量和網絡拓撲的耦合強度 - ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAwAAAAcCAMAAABifa5OAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAE5QTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADqQOgAAOgA6OjoAOpC2OpDbZgAAZjo6ZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kLb/kNv/tmYAtmY625A627Zm2////7Zm/9uQ//+2///bgcH61gAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAT0lEQVQoU2NgGARAhI0RDJhFGST5uBkkeXkYGMQ4GBgkuAQYxJgEEC4UBqqAA0GgDiZ+CFeCE6gFBsRZsWoR4pDkBRoKAWIsTOxIZtElEACsLgJpFGbALwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)：從![](data:image/png;base64,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)到效用的映射 **關鍵洞察**：![](data:image/png;base64,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)不是固定的，而是消費量的函數——當消費量增加到某個閾值，可能激發新的系統節點。 **3.4** **遞減與遞增的統一判據** **定理3.1****（遞減-****遞增分界定理）**： 設消費![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAAcCAMAAACEVGUKAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAEtQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmOma2OpDbZjoAZrbbkDoAkDo6kGY6kNvbkNv/tmYAtmY6tmaQtv//25A62//b2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2///bf3P00gAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAPUlEQVQoU2NgGHggzs7Ey8APxBICwpxs/BwQFwkxskGdJsosCGFJcAMVgRlcPJxsYkCFfCy8QIWsIlT3BADNmAHHAFuxygAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)激發![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAAcCAMAAACEVGUKAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFdQTFRFAAAAAAAAAABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OgBmOpCQOpDbZjoAZrb/kDoAkGY6kGaQkJC2kNv/tmYAtpBmttv/tv//25A62//b2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2///bjf122wAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAASklEQVQoU2NgGHAgw8fII83NyMXAICwixCkgIcYiwcAgw8vKwCAExAxS7IJAHg+QJckkyiDFIQpkgSQkWcT5gRJAbZJszCBBqgIATbcC3DVX6wcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)個效用系統，系統間耦合強度為![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAcCAMAAAA3HE0QAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAHVQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OjpmOmaQOma2OpDbZgAAZgBmZjoAZmZmZma2ZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kNv/tmYAtmY6tpA6trb/ttu2tv//25A625Bm2/+22////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bXyGUWAAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAA10lEQVQ4T91S2RKCMBArKNareHF6oFCW//9Eu7sMYwuFd3lghu0mTUKE+JfnLaN6wksV7Hlchfm01TYlIKijLwq9RSioxLfAR1ouLMwwMLZLFzT0C20WhEljG2pWr0EDqEOtdyebDNQNNV7RRGEsg3ID09IgSAkpHfkhBhZJkSCL+c4wnWpjXqyBF2TSlefoc7Ey+03yHqxzjT8NFGILssN3ujdX6ARiJOcM3SRLxDZIMyxY5iF+PoxGmrEGpw8UBjvp+yDEuFHkb2jUqA1dGnob4KvOzPwLNGkRtbO2GJUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)，則： (1) 若![](data:image/png;base64,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)且效用函數為凹函數，則邊際效用遞減 (2) 若![](data:image/png;base64,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)且存在![](data:image/png;base64,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)，邊際效用可能遞增，充分條件為： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) (3) 若![](data:image/png;base64,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)且存在強非線性耦合(![](data:image/png;base64,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))，邊際效用幾乎必然遞增 **證明草案**： 對效用函數求導： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 再求二階導數並分析符號，當耦合項的正貢獻超過單系統的負貢獻時，![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADQAAAAwCAMAAABpN6nPAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAKVQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjoAOjqQOmZmOmaQOma2OpC2OpDbZgAAZgA6ZgBmZjoAZmZmZp2QZpC2ZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kDpmkGY6kJDbkLbbkNvbkNv/tmYAtmY6tpCQtrbbtrb/ttuQttvbttv/tv//25A625Bm27Zm27aQ29v/2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2/9vb//+2///b7ZiBjwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAABQ0lEQVRIS+2T61KDMBCFdyltqlZtrRdAsZZ6hYIQTd7/0UyAAG2lC7+ccTgzmYFhTzZ7yAcwaEjgbxPgJ2it+x4hm0Dg9jUB8Md+nghdSFb8TrkCnECkFi35EHKGeKkq+TQEcRVSHunjaJyaKjUb6HVc0rtII92jkH5svLZ4+WkKmyo3eb8GvQhl4zSevr+UVWLhwrY+bJtXLC3Hs6vJI0T7o7VPzNByiHF9pwoor+TMgYi6ON8bNmu2DdTBxZzMFpLlqGonPZ2ydpL68q3zz7xKzI0Jf9XOVtIvNq9NvTrpcTocrzlTXl8MdkT76WXoQHwY+Q7Acv8/wZahfXjHegCsITTqDLCC0HhKgKlMDYTqUmXspgSYMBkIxWt0dpuQJBW71RBmCseOMhA+v10vngyLlLeEUHqzNKBQofYavv+DBH4AFm4fFj7YgYAAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)，即遞增。詳細證明見附錄A。 **推論3.1**：孤立消費(![](data:image/png;base64,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))必然遞減，網絡消費(![](data:image/png;base64,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))可能遞增。 **推論3.2**：現代社會中網絡消費比例上升，解釋了為何遞增現象越來越普遍。 **3.5** **相變機制** **定義3.6**：效用相變(Utility Phase Transition)指當消費量跨越臨界值![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGBQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmADqQOjqQOmaQOma2OpC2OpDbZjoAZma2ZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kGY6kNvbkNv/tmYAtmY6tmaQtv//25A625Bm2//b2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2///bg8Nm4AAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAZElEQVQoU2NgGG5AjptJmEEUiCFAXkyKn0uUF9mXEoxcKJ6WYRZH5ssLwjWDDRAQ4ueShRsgwiLMIMHIIQ2UEGRk5ENolOfnlJaE2QoUlmUDqkECMqzScjxIfHl+RnZUFeTEBAB7PgQvIwJzVAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)時，激發新的效用系統，導致效用函數的導數不連續。 數學表達： $$U(x) = \begin{cases} U_1(x) & x < x_c \ U_2(x) & x \geq x_c \end{cases}$$ 其中![](data:image/png;base64,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)在![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGBQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmADqQOjqQOmaQOma2OpC2OpDbZjoAZma2ZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kGY6kNvbkNv/tmYAtmY6tmaQtv//25A625Bm2//b2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2///bg8Nm4AAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAZElEQVQoU2NgGG5AjptJmEEUiCFAXkyKn0uUF9mXEoxcKJ6WYRZH5ssLwjWDDRAQ4ueShRsgwiLMIMHIIQ2UEGRk5ENolOfnlJaE2QoUlmUDqkECMqzScjxIfHl+RnZUFeTEBAB7PgQvIwJzVAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)處不連續。 **示例**：財富累積 - ![](data:image/png;base64,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)萬：僅激發生存安全系統(![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFRQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOpDbZgAAZjoAZrbbZrb/kDoAtmYAtmY6tmZmtraQttv/tv//25A627Zm27aQ2////9uQ//+2///bdHaPgQAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAYElEQVQoU2NgGPRAWoCNkZFDGO5OfhZhBkl2ERhfiosXxQvSfEB5ZCDJzcSDqkKAkRPV1/wsEigC/KxArhjYDlGgUnE2XgZpQSEwH+QYZrB5SG4AayaRz8/IiO4MMqICAJYSA6TtniMzAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)) - ![](data:image/png;base64,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)億：激發自由系統(![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGNQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOjqQOmaQOpDbZgAAZjoAZrbbZrb/kDoAkDpmkLb/tmYAtmY6ttv/tv//25A625Bm27Zm27aQ2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bo2J1SAAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAb0lEQVQoU81RSRKAMAgDrXVfa7Uu1f7/lVIdHbl6kltCCGEA+H25XiIm+smphAYbDzfei5qd4Brqv8uWQcUVPeb8aiUWRqgIYJKYETuSdJY12HTZ/CYfJrz8XPuEOLHhQUzHPKm7vgSWfJAPfPnEARCiBGPO9xroAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)) - ![](data:image/png;base64,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)億：激發權力系統(![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGlQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOjqQOmaQOma2OpDbZgAAZgA6ZjoAZjqQZma2ZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kNv/tmYAtmY6ttv/tv//25A627aQ2////9uQ/9u2//+2///bSFIWNwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAb0lEQVQoU81QRw6AMAxL2HuPltHS/P+RFCFQc+aCb3Ecyw7A70EyQkyWN6cIFtDx+symHFgFGu3eha69niskFry1CBQjRAg0IWaW3ax0jwYwjTLVDHCF8W+/vXWvTOl13PVwk+lU0egkJYmYf//9CbxEBYtoO33VAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC))、規則制定系統(![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGNQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOpDbZgAAZjoAZmY6Zma2ZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkGYAkNv/tmYAtmY6tpCQttv/tv//25A625Bm27aQ2////7Zm/9uQ//+2///b325qNgAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAbElEQVQoU81QSRKAMAgrVeu+VOuubf//SuFglbMXc2AmkAkBIX4PPyqAbA45TTwLmy43d0XHTvAa52/YUrZcMULOrzbxwRomQeo1qVYsu6IVW0WcwkTkdzY0CnA1SqfHZgUEt2V69O/l8Pn5FxTTBHIi1VLuAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)) 每次跨越閾值，耦合節點數跳躍式增加，邊際效用階躍式上升。 ---------- **四、數學形式化** **4.1** **單系統模型（基準情形）** 考慮僅激發生理系統的食物消費： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 其中![](data:image/png;base64,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)為系統強度參數。 邊際效用： ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAGkAAAAwCAMAAAAl3aQ3AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAKVQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADo6ADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OgBmOjo6OjqQOmaQOma2OpC2OpDbZgAAZgBmZjoAZjo6ZmYAZmY6ZmaQZpC2ZpDbZraQZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kGY6kJA6kNvbkNv/tmYAtmY6tmaQtpA6tpCQttv/tv/btv//25A625Bm27Zm27aQ2/+22//b2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///btFvSHQAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAB1UlEQVRYR+1Wa1eCQBCdlQwyM0jtKVhiZW5WMrL//6e1Owu6PjJEtg8d5sPg4eDcvXdmLgDUUStQK1Ar8G8VWHRZ4/5mbp8fep15Gvj2gSA+nYMIB/aR0kCCYGtqHwnPRkC8rAd6A/Had/HOOhK8sOZkxjp/QKoMF+xJybPgF5MyJcz/cMZoImNFGD3mTCFhTK0Db5sK4PkKthymCKkseg1VKaFMo7M5qYk8w1GRXvUlkoiuaTC5yiJUd1QyY+vGobCJG7sS4ZIKi1D+BloJSgCLrmQ5JqZ0CnqIZXHY1nBfVsD2p1ptoAUH0kmLJZ6/Qn/8QAhHyieiUeK8RQNdRmdFcskAOPUxp7pDspzh3iv1HVuPnazwqk0rpCWVTM+y6iWulMyZZu0mNrrisitDatIeTgUnI/bJ4tEjiWJnAotAweVdEdFT6CM16rg+cUYnTgN9FUPGGtobNbO4OZKN0iaWsyzIofBj1e/Tj9CbYh0gHs+mlWqL4a/v33W18skrIoqJNPO0r+6Nj7JebiC932pPqCYMx9IF19TTvlNJmI5lF0mRyB1rh4FUyEkibcylLfXUIOeOZVk9w7HsIpmOtYWEPfkyObH28bfWp0rmuy5SK1BagW/nuTJdpJenCgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==) 二階導數： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) **結論**：嚴格遞減，符合傳統理論。 **4.2** **雙系統耦合模型** 考慮同時激發生理系統(![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFRQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOpDbZgAAZjoAZrbbZrb/kDoAtmYAtmY6tmZmtraQttv/tv//25A627Zm27aQ2////9uQ//+2///bdHaPgQAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAYElEQVQoU2NgGPRAWoCNkZFDGO5OfhZhBkl2ERhfiosXxQvSfEB5ZCDJzcSDqkKAkRPV1/wsEigC/KxArhjYDlGgUnE2XgZpQSEwH+QYZrB5SG4AayaRz8/IiO4MMqICAJYSA6TtniMzAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC))和社交系統(![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGNQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOjqQOmaQOpDbZgAAZjoAZrbbZrb/kDoAkDpmkLb/tmYAtmY6ttv/tv//25A625Bm27Zm27aQ2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bo2J1SAAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAb0lEQVQoU81RSRKAMAgDrXVfa7Uu1f7/lVIdHbl6kltCCGEA+H25XiIm+smphAYbDzfei5qd4Brqv8uWQcUVPeb8aiUWRqgIYJKYETuSdJY12HTZ/CYfJrz8XPuEOLHhQUzHPKm7vgSWfJAPfPnEARCiBGPO9xroAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC))的餐廳用餐： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 設： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 則： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 邊際效用： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 當![](data:image/png;base64,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)足夠大且![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAAcCAMAAACEVGUKAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAEtQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmOma2OpDbZjoAZrbbkDoAkDo6kGY6kNvbkNv/tmYAtmY6tmaQtv//25A62//b2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2///bf3P00gAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAPUlEQVQoU2NgGHggzs7Ey8APxBICwpxs/BwQFwkxskGdJsosCGFJcAMVgRlcPJxsYkCFfCy8QIWsIlT3BADNmAHHAFuxygAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)足夠大時，最後一項主導，![](data:image/png;base64,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)遞增。 **數值例**：設![](data:image/png;base64,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) 計算表明：當![](data:image/png;base64,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)時，![](data:image/png;base64,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)，邊際效用開始遞增。 **4.3** **多系統網絡模型** 對![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAAcCAMAAACEVGUKAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFdQTFRFAAAAAAAAAABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OgBmOpCQOpDbZjoAZrb/kDoAkGY6kGaQkJC2kNv/tmYAtpBmttv/tv//25A62//b2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2///bjf122wAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAASklEQVQoU2NgGHAgw8fII83NyMXAICwixCkgIcYiwcAgw8vKwCAExAxS7IJAHg+QJckkyiDFIQpkgSQkWcT5gRJAbZJszCBBqgIATbcC3DVX6wcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)個系統的一般情形： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) **簡化假設**：假設所有單系統效用相同![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFoAAAAcCAMAAADWd1hBAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAI1QTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OgBmOjo6OjqQOmaQOma2OpDbZgAAZgBmZjoAZjo6ZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kGY6kGaQkJBmkNvbkNv/tmYAtmY6tmaQtpBmtrb/ttu2ttv/tv//25A625CQ27aQ2//b2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bUPnrMwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAABTklEQVRIS+2U23aCMBBFA2rpFWpbo20JvWCsEsn/f14nkwsmEnXRPpIHF2blnJmzM0DIuEYCI4E/EhBPpXPg9/Vlbn0ikSWTNWmSJDce/G534CZuuzonivSLmlSJ2cwYipu1Z9FA4bMrIuLKVFLTtHuwdkcbPXUiIkmv4LC4NrnNw34OWSrMg6VhSZqYpTfkSjHEUBFRWyzgnIutH+THlubVC1rGiHzWDKyxcESkt5lqXS3bI+H2Xl2gkISkCwMyIvJRd9auWWsdAiHq7nRmZ+2LsF+UyyX8OLIrBH14DWHX6ijHzBERm9RkX1gelqxcvtNcIOzo9MG8bt5m29ddTAQXnaTPYNGiv47PpiXAfsBJcGnDrpssLUU2dRNyQsTVaP/nXHe9VAg3zH/R23hG1D5+fx0DiI6ej8enForawrx2P0O+fINE4e2N/wcS+AUyqSfzlOPV5AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)，所有二階耦合係數相同![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADMAAAAcCAMAAAD7hXf7AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGlQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OjpmOma2OpDbZgAAZgBmZjoAZmZmZma2Zrb/kDoAkDo6kNv/tmYAtmY6tpA6trb/ttu2tv//25A62/+22////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bZga4eAAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAr0lEQVQ4T+1RyxKCMBDbVhEfReWpiLS0//+RdpEpq8J0epELe+il2WSTAKyzJvDXBLqc8VTy4lPUZGyYqB1+RqAWx1YdzifvnQRYWh4tHNn86gjUIgVQsX08txGg2lsjSAFgcvTU7KalCNBKmOoSPa8+PxR4Y9tCxb0pVCi/A3RcDkjZG8xOJw+fIv2v0I6csTNNpJP6biPwF0XW+5Le2YWN3ATZwYYy/lNumObS6BdX7gsotuv1ygAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)，忽略三階及以上項。 則： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 邊際效用： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 當![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAHgAAAAcCAMAAACd34usAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAJlQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADo6ADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OgBmOjo6OjqQOmaQOma2OpC2OpDbZgAAZjoAZjo6ZpC2ZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kGY6kGaQkJBmkNvbkNv/tmYAtmY6tmaQtpBmttu2ttv/tv//25A625Bm25CQ27Zm27aQ2/+22//b2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///b/lOgsAAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAABl0lEQVRIS+1VbVPDIAyGzdX6urqpq1XbqRPf1qL8/x8nEEqB0M55fvGu3O3WQp48yZOEEjKuUYFRgVGBv1GAL0vriJ1t+pwymtTozMUORBN1y05df/ykiyLwxDCxjzX2LHOAolipt4hbfvzsETRT/707xMQhFmxd4reUamKC3IrcjU9aoI2uDGHGPaYO8cvlxwUQg60oqPzTQfAjLe3nYlKStfzJgMG/yKlZLZ88aOj0aUFnRhOMRRmTL0MMbh83lSTWjyCBeNjm2fo6LkqbsrJvJvOap0YkjB0gNsb5yiRvC8eUCGqZPKzCntQKbhXGWCyTzRjcqq6ALQu21TfEUam1QJjY7xyvqwNiRce0yC2xKHSBf5Vxhx2QGvKpkvr1LtneyqLB9Iib+zzjusi986Rr7GaMsTtr3KSTkqeqO00gs5Iweq7bOXJPQNNReshTeX1V1LQDxobEfCkn4+Aq5naPOUbttnuOOwi2DZXtv7lwn+9hGzH1pe0dJkw7UBZkHHX7/rOvU5TZxUYNYHPgozeAGo/+oQLfN1kxpFA6zNsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)時： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) **關鍵發現**： - 當![](data:image/png;base64,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)：![](data:image/png;base64,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)（遞減） - 當![](data:image/png;base64,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)且![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAcCAMAAABvY94JAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFFQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADpmADqQOgAAOgA6OjpmOma2OpDbZgAAZjoAZmZmZma2Zrb/kDo6kNv/tmYAtmY6tpA62/+22////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bs6hiagAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAASUlEQVQoU2NgGGxAgp+RiU+MSYCBQZKLQ1ScnZsT6EJBFlEgF0gAST4GBnFWIMEgzgZUBJIBC0gJ8bCI8ALZwozMAuKsYGHaAABj+wLOdKMWIAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)足夠大：![](data:image/png;base64,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)在大![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAAcCAMAAACEVGUKAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAEtQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmOma2OpDbZjoAZrbbkDoAkDo6kGY6kNvbkNv/tmYAtmY6tmaQtv//25A62//b2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2///bf3P00gAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAPUlEQVQoU2NgGHggzs7Ey8APxBICwpxs/BwQFwkxskGdJsosCGFJcAMVgRlcPJxsYkCFfCy8QIWsIlT3BADNmAHHAFuxygAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)時遞增 **臨界耦合強度**： 定義臨界耦合強度![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAcCAMAAABf788oAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGNQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADpmADqQOgAAOgA6OjpmOjqQOmaQOma2OpC2OpDbZgAAZjoAZmZmZma2Zrb/kDoAkDo6kGY6kNv/tmYAtmY6tpA625Bm2/+22////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bMmxovAAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAdElEQVQoU2NgGN5ATpiRSVCGSRTmS3leLmlZdj4euK/FWKQZ5HmBBBTI8woyMMiyAgkokGUDagapgguwCiqI87NICcBFJBiZRWVZQUoURBgZEVqBfCFuaUm45UANshwIg8D6ZVik5RAmAQUUhBg50dSQGUUAdbsFS0dicuoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)使得邊際效用在![](data:image/png;base64,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)處從遞減轉為遞增： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 當![](data:image/png;base64,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)時，系統進入遞增區域。 **4.4** **相變模型** 引入階躍函數模擬系統激發的臨界性： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 其中![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAwAAAAcCAMAAABifa5OAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAD9QTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OpDbZgAAZrb/kDoAkNv/tmYAtv//25A62////7Zm/9uQ//+2///bnKQzbwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAV0lEQVQoU2NgGASAn5GRg0GYk5GJB+gYEW5WAQYGQUYukMOEOUEUPzMfiCMIooDSYBcD9YAAB4gtwg2ihNhB2mFaWICGoGnhBYkJsYG1ALWzwq2kUxAAALxPAptPIqeQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)為Heaviside函數，![](data:image/png;base64,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)為激發系統![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAYAAAAcCAMAAAB1Xz6HAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAD9QTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADqQOgA6OgBmOpDbZgAAZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkNv/tmYAtv//27Zm2////7Zm/9uQ//+2///bsNXRlAAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAM0lEQVQYV2NgoBIQZucCmSTEwoMwkJeRDcSBSbHygXiCzAIgihcsJcLNyQ/Sx8vEQb47AGrNATM1z1U0AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)的臨界消費量。 **三階段財富模型**： $$U(w) = \begin{cases} a_1 \ln(w) & w < w_1 \ a_1 \ln(w) + a_2 w & w_1 \leq w < w_2 \ a_1 \ln(w) + a_2 w + a_3 w^{1.5} & w \geq w_2 \end{cases}$$ 其中： - 階段1(![](data:image/png;base64,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)萬)：僅生存系統 - 階段2(![](data:image/png;base64,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)億)：生存+自由系統 - 階段3(![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADQAAAAcCAMAAAAZWWyCAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAH5QTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADo6ADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOjqQOmaQOpCQOpDbZgAAZgA6ZjoAZpC2Zrb/kDoAkDpmkGY6kLbbkLb/kNv/tmYAtmY6trZmtra2ttvbtv//25A625Bm27Zm27aQ29v/2//b2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bAMjO6wAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAy0lEQVQ4T+2RWxOCIBCFFytDywy7iJmXClT+/x+MqBBnyFFfenFfGIbv7O45AMw1J9CfgEjZhIgKvDpNkNVH5F/7dDlaA/BFBhRtDe4WOvu7utsAEUkRlaJmF3ea16GrzFkB6rImcGLg5iBoJ4ENyF2WbAIiDpke1PVkAaSfi/eISEK+mld6ZuoGUGLkqyeOljFQRy8n0ncAulqg8lgdqOYVlofc+2fEHcB0YShEhD5la1RoF8P/vzgPZ3VGBPjYURWWi48VjV/tL4onNMoPXxkEdd0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=))：生存+自由+權力系統 邊際效用： $$MU(w) = \begin{cases} \frac{a_1}{w} & w < w_1 \ \frac{a_1}{w} + a_2 & w_1 \leq w < w_2 \ \frac{a_1}{w} + a_2 + 1.5 a_3 w^{0.5} & w \geq w_2 \end{cases}$$ 當![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAcCAMAAABf788oAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAHVQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OgBmOjqQOmaQOma2OpDbZgAAZgA6ZjoAZjqQZmYAZmaQZma2ZpDbZraQZrb/kDoAkDo6kNv/tmYAtmY6tpA6tpCQttv/tv//27Zm27aQ2////9uQ/9u2//+2///bKRZULwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAdklEQVQoU2NgGN5AhZ+RSVRICe5JZTZuJVVeHoSnpViUGNTExeACqrxAtjKHPEIHuyQDA1iVBCMjF9AkZTYxNVlBVmURVQElVT6gJIMMI7OcAiM3yBZFYYRdQK4qL5MIWgCrgCxAmM6phGw7A4OaNCMjN3XiBACRTAb6GHRlGAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)足夠大時，階段3的![](data:image/png;base64,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)隨![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAwAAAAcCAMAAABifa5OAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFRQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOjqQOpCQOpDbZgAAZgA6Zrb/kDoAkDpmkNv/tmYAtmY6trZmtv//25A62//b2////7Zm/9uQ//+2///bWp4XzQAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAVUlEQVQoU9WPSRKAIAwEBxAXkFWQCP//p+ETVpnT9NTk0MBfrooVIFWQhMHwDImhn5GDbt3KCDIsU3XLh3UjFAZS1357l920JLFEJDlHwLNxx48f6r/0rQNHym+c5wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)遞增。 **4.5** **網絡效應的圖論表達** 將消費者嵌入社交網絡![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAEgAAAAcCAMAAAD1LAmUAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAH5QTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADo6ADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OgBmOjo6OjqQOmaQOma2OpDbZgAAZgA6Zjo6ZjpmZpCQZrb/kDoAkDo6kDqQkGY6kNv/tmYAtmY6tmZmtpA6tpBmttv/tv//25A627aQ2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bpUUfaQAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAABMUlEQVRIS+1T2VLDMAyUKZBwh8scAdqaxkT//4PoshNI3fSVofuSGVta7a4cgAMOCfy1BOLda1lyuFqlS1zWzh2Xa8PlBmLtFmvonDvdWFtwggrihbWiP1nB122RKJ6vqTcccUG7GMb7CgD9I0BHIxitfQvq0d/wTcdE+DSM6xvigDc+1YpY80G26VXx4CGeSbMQBelQsNCgrUH8ht2CknDmixRWBmckds0bslWNcjt0HBDR2BglUgE+K7GI7huWK8IZOLFmRBTJ2Bj1DYkIkSZl1ds0ZaKHsTFTcS8+NMaWl9+QvwJsuehNtO2I+ZHs5YwAX5y7/hhv7iejbc36k4XYyGp1izv8jLgyg531k6f7u2LGW7p+n/wC6WUX00kXM8rN+ywNFXzu+ffvw/Wfa74BafgZGP7uh28AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)，其中![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAsAAAAcCAMAAACAobU3AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAEhQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADqQOgAAOgA6OjqQOpDbZgAAZpCQZrb/kDoAkDo6kNv/tmYAttv/tv//25A62////7Zm/9uQ//+2///bsTDt7AAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAU0lEQVQoU8WOSQ6AMAwDHcpOKVAa+v+fkqVfQPgQjaKRZeCn8EDhQiHqbyB3SWYc4ZRblOuuD+c820QeE3gS2bkZwLNszVBemyEV0UotNXrH93kByC8CzbpHGNwAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)為節點集(消費者)，![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAsAAAAcCAMAAACAobU3AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAEJQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADqQAGa2OgA6OgBmOpDbZgAAZjpmZrb/kDoAkDqQkNv/tmYAtmY6tv//25A62////9uQ//+2///bvG2LuwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAUUlEQVQoU8WPSxKAMAxCUatWq/ab+1/VQu+gbGDIm0kC/KY8SY4HWOhm4WRunhZv5rolZLUA+Vkt8DjYVRQHPlTXPm9HEr4UWOdYe23aP3j1BWD4AkQa3RkXAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)為邊集(社交關係)。 消費者![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAYAAAAcCAMAAAB1Xz6HAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAD9QTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADqQOgA6OgBmOpDbZgAAZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkNv/tmYAtv//27Zm2////7Zm/9uQ//+2///bsNXRlAAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAM0lEQVQYV2NgoBIQZucCmSTEwoMwkJeRDcSBSbHygXiCzAIgihcsJcLNyQ/Sx8vEQb47AGrNATM1z1U0AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)的效用不僅依賴於自己的消費![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA0AAAAcCAMAAACNv8VwAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGBQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmADqQAGa2Oma2OpDbZgAAZgBmZjoAZrbbkDoAkDo6kGY6kNvbkNv/tmYAtmY6tmaQtrb/ttu2tv//25A62//b2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bHZwGrQAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAW0lEQVQoU2NgGJpAlptJkEEYiEFAXkSSl0OYB+ETCUYOJG9JM4sjePL8EE3yfEBKnk+Al0MGqlGIRZBBgpFdikGOkw05UCSQzWIQhlgJAXJcYqJIPE5WKXJDEwDzxQOc7MlfwAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)，還依賴於其網絡位置： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 其中： - ![](data:image/png;base64,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)：度中心性(degree centrality) - ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAwAAAAcCAMAAABifa5OAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGBQTFRFAAAAAAAAAABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OjqQOma2OpDbZgAAZgBmZrbbZrb/kDo6kDpmkGY6kNv/tmYAtmY6trb/ttu2ttv/tv//25A625Bm2////9uQ/9u2//+2///baExqSgAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAVUlEQVQoU2NgGDpAVpCRkUkC4l45bk5pGQ5pCEeYBcoAS/AhfCTDLgTmyPMDaTluXgZZAah+Bik2RmZxoBgrkv8luZA4IhCtENt4xEQRHG4k60gJPQDCzgN/xIt55AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)：中介中心性(betweenness centrality) - ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA0AAAAcCAMAAACNv8VwAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGBQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OgBmOmaQOpC2OpDbZgAAZgBmZjoAZmaQZrb/kDo6kLbbkLb/kNv/tmYAtmY6trb/ttu2tv//25A627Zm2////9uQ/9u2//+2///b6cpK5gAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAa0lEQVQoU2NgGFggx83Ij+QCGTZhZB67BBJPkgXZqSJcUqxMQlAROW4+QQYRmLwMK9BISWZpiCSYAZcT4WJgAMnLCwAtkuNmYZDlhWvjEGVk4pQGiyJbC9SBAKLI7pPjERdDSMlxw6wkI0gByw8Ej7ApxTgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)：特徵向量中心性(eigenvector centrality) **關鍵假設**：消費能改變網絡位置 ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 即消費越多(如買奢侈品)，社交網絡位置越中心。 **網絡效用函數**： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 當![](data:image/png;base64,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)且![](data:image/png;base64,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)時(超線性增長)，邊際效用遞增。 **實證預測**：在強社交網絡中(如Instagram網紅、上流社會)，炫耀性消費的邊際效用應顯著遞增。 ---------- **五、案例分析** **5.1** **案例1****：奢侈品收藏** **5.1.1** **現象描述** 愛馬仕鉑金包(Birkin bag)收藏者的典型軌跡： - 第1個包：「終於擁有夢想之物」，效用![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAAcCAMAAACwLaQWAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFdQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OgBmOpDbZgAAZpDbZrb/kDoAkGY6kNv/tmYAtmZmtraQttv/tv//25A627Zm2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bnKTeygAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAb0lEQVQoU9WPyRKAIAxDKe4Lijto//87LdRt9KQ334EJaZoBIf6IjSHohQHIjtcbWZPW4XQ4g9OozgiqiIY2cUFmyUs6DXXtsNYuuPGo4SnXjKlf1UEn5pxsbFp2sAKQha+w7Fz45Gi4fvfW+Pq6AuJFBL3SIDLjAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) - 第5個包：「開始建立收藏」，效用![](data:image/png;base64,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) - 第20個包：「成為圈內知名收藏家」，效用![](data:image/png;base64,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) **邊際效用軌跡**： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 明顯遞增。 **5.1.2** **系統耦合分析** 該消費激發的系統： - ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFRQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOpDbZgAAZjoAZrbbZrb/kDoAtmYAtmY6tmZmtraQttv/tv//25A627Zm27aQ2////9uQ//+2///bdHaPgQAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAYElEQVQoU2NgGPRAWoCNkZFDGO5OfhZhBkl2ERhfiosXxQvSfEB5ZCDJzcSDqkKAkRPV1/wsEigC/KxArhjYDlGgUnE2XgZpQSEwH+QYZrB5SG4AayaRz8/IiO4MMqICAJYSA6TtniMzAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)：物理效用(有包可用) — 遞減 - ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGNQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOjqQOmaQOpDbZgAAZjoAZrbbZrb/kDoAkDpmkLb/tmYAtmY6ttv/tv//25A625Bm27Zm27aQ2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bo2J1SAAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAb0lEQVQoU81RSRKAMAgDrXVfa7Uu1f7/lVIdHbl6kltCCGEA+H25XiIm+smphAYbDzfei5qd4Brqv8uWQcUVPeb8aiUWRqgIYJKYETuSdJY12HTZ/CYfJrz8XPuEOLHhQUzHPKm7vgSWfJAPfPnEARCiBGPO9xroAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)：美學系統(欣賞設計) — 遞減 - ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGlQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOjqQOmaQOma2OpDbZgAAZgA6ZjoAZjqQZma2ZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kNv/tmYAtmY6ttv/tv//25A627aQ2////9uQ/9u2//+2///bSFIWNwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAb0lEQVQoU81QRw6AMAxL2HuPltHS/P+RFCFQc+aCb3Ecyw7A70EyQkyWN6cIFtDx+symHFgFGu3eha69niskFry1CBQjRAg0IWaW3ax0jwYwjTLVDHCF8W+/vXWvTOl13PVwk+lU0egkJYmYf//9CbxEBYtoO33VAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)：社交系統(他人羨慕) — 遞增 - ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGNQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOpDbZgAAZjoAZmY6Zma2ZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkGYAkNv/tmYAtmY6tpCQttv/tv//25A625Bm27aQ2////7Zm/9uQ//+2///b325qNgAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAbElEQVQoU81QSRKAMAgrVeu+VOuubf//SuFglbMXc2AmkAkBIX4PPyqAbA45TTwLmy43d0XHTvAa52/YUrZcMULOrzbxwRomQeo1qVYsu6IVW0WcwkTkdzY0CnA1SqfHZgUEt2V69O/l8Pn5FxTTBHIi1VLuAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)：身份系統(「我是收藏家」) — 強遞增 - ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFpQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOma2OpDbZgAAZjoAZjqQZrbbZrb/kDoAkGYAkNv/tmYAtmY6tmZmttv/tv//25A627aQ2////9uQ//+2///bkROi6AAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAaElEQVQoU81RRw6AMAyLy96jzI7/f5NWzHDkRG5OLA+F6PdjhxhIpyunDCfSyXxiUzSsgm3d/Tm6FDVnDMh5axkqtpARkQRET7Q46ho7i3F39GECr3fgOxbwUrHdw8ZUiuMWyLjrl09s1MAELAu/skEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)：文化資本系統(品味階層) — 強遞增 - ![](data:image/png;base64,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)：投資系統(保值增值) — 遞增 **關鍵觀察**：![](data:image/png;base64,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)遞減但權重低；![](data:image/png;base64,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)強遞增且權重高。 **數學模型**： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 主導項![](data:image/png;base64,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)確保遞增。 **5.1.3** **實證支持** Bagwell & Bernheim(1996)研究顯示：奢侈品消費的價格彈性為正(Veblen效應)，與遞增假設一致。 Han et al.(2010)發現：奢侈品的炫耀價值隨擁有數量非線性增長。 **5.2** **案例2****：財富累積** **5.2.1** **億萬富翁悖論** 根據《福布斯》數據，多數億萬富翁在達到財務自由後仍進行高風險創業： - 馬斯克：特斯拉、SpaceX、Neuralink - 貝佐斯：藍色起源、《華盛頓郵報》 - 布蘭森：維珍銀河、維珍酒店 **傳統理論預測**：邊際效用遞減→風險厭惡→保守投資 **實際觀察**：邊際效用遞增→追求更大目標→激進擴張 **5.2.2** **系統耦合分析** 億萬富翁財富激發的系統： - ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFRQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOpDbZgAAZjoAZrbbZrb/kDoAtmYAtmY6tmZmtraQttv/tv//25A627Zm27aQ2////9uQ//+2///bdHaPgQAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAYElEQVQoU2NgGPRAWoCNkZFDGO5OfhZhBkl2ERhfiosXxQvSfEB5ZCDJzcSDqkKAkRPV1/wsEigC/KxArhjYDlGgUnE2XgZpQSEwH+QYZrB5SG4AayaRz8/IiO4MMqICAJYSA6TtniMzAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)：生存安全 — 已飽和 - ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGNQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOjqQOmaQOpDbZgAAZjoAZrbbZrb/kDoAkDpmkLb/tmYAtmY6ttv/tv//25A625Bm27Zm27aQ2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bo2J1SAAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAb0lEQVQoU81RSRKAMAgDrXVfa7Uu1f7/lVIdHbl6kltCCGEA+H25XiIm+smphAYbDzfei5qd4Brqv8uWQcUVPeb8aiUWRqgIYJKYETuSdJY12HTZ/CYfJrz8XPuEOLHhQUzHPKm7vgSWfJAPfPnEARCiBGPO9xroAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)：消費享受 — 邊際遞減 - ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGlQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOjqQOmaQOma2OpDbZgAAZgA6ZjoAZjqQZma2ZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kNv/tmYAtmY6ttv/tv//25A627aQ2////9uQ/9u2//+2///bSFIWNwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAb0lEQVQoU81QRw6AMAxL2HuPltHS/P+RFCFQc+aCb3Ecyw7A70EyQkyWN6cIFtDx+symHFgFGu3eha69niskFry1CBQjRAg0IWaW3ax0jwYwjTLVDHCF8W+/vXWvTOl13PVwk+lU0egkJYmYf//9CbxEBYtoO33VAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)：權力影響 — 強遞增 - ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGNQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOpDbZgAAZjoAZmY6Zma2ZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkGYAkNv/tmYAtmY6tpCQttv/tv//25A625Bm27aQ2////7Zm/9uQ//+2///b325qNgAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAbElEQVQoU81QSRKAMAgrVeu+VOuubf//SuFglbMXc2AmkAkBIX4PPyqAbA45TTwLmy43d0XHTvAa52/YUrZcMULOrzbxwRomQeo1qVYsu6IVW0WcwkTkdzY0CnA1SqfHZgUEt2V69O/l8Pn5FxTTBHIi1VLuAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)：歷史遺產 — 強遞增 - ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFpQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOma2OpDbZgAAZjoAZjqQZrbbZrb/kDoAkGYAkNv/tmYAtmY6tmZmttv/tv//25A627aQ2////9uQ//+2///bkROi6AAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAaElEQVQoU81RRw6AMAyLy96jzI7/f5NWzHDkRG5OLA+F6PdjhxhIpyunDCfSyXxiUzSsgm3d/Tm6FDVnDMh5axkqtpARkQRET7Q46ho7i3F39GECr3fgOxbwUrHdw8ZUiuMWyLjrl09s1MAELAu/skEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)：自我實現 — 遞增 - ![](data:image/png;base64,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)：規則制定 — 強遞增 **關鍵**：從![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABIAAAAcCAMAAABbGh8VAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFRQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOpDbZgAAZjo6ZpC2ZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkGY6kNv/tmYA25A625Bm27Zm2/+22////7Zm/9uQ//+2///b2ADczwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAYUlEQVQoU9WPSxKAIAxDW3+Iin9U4P731EZh7VKzSt+0mZTo7wpjjxes4sxEB+SUoSWbLre2mwaay528rrDmgcJQPzwhr98hiZHAdIjpDozxdLAhixKuYea8kzqKCyEf1Qn9VgUqD/h1gwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)億到![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABsAAAAcCAMAAACnDzTfAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFRQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOpDbZgAAZjo6ZpC2ZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkGY6kNv/tmYA25A625Bm27Zm2/+22////7Zm/9uQ//+2///b2ADczwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAd0lEQVQ4T+2SSQ6AIAxFWydExXkC7n9PoZiKCxPXRlaPvtIfCAD/enoB27ekFoGJuoEvkdNCwZQMEcBcr5LcmG9gZBGBKxpytitDA4M/EJyRp2N461yUn0mZlM4zaUdZDJfbUcHi78AAukLEtHE9s8DMqQi+/V8OxQ8ISAn+JFkAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)億，![](data:image/png;base64,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)的效用增長是非線性的。 **權力函數模型**： 假設權力![](data:image/png;base64,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)，![](data:image/png;base64,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) 則權力帶來的效用![](data:image/png;base64,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) 邊際效用![](data:image/png;base64,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) 當![](data:image/png;base64,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)時遞增。 **實證估計**：Gilens & Page(2014)研究顯示，財富對政策影響力的彈性約為1.5-2.0，支持![](data:image/png;base64,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)。 **5.2.3** **貧富差距的系統動力學** **關鍵發現**：如果財富的邊際效用對富人遞增、對窮人遞減，則： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 財富差距自然擴大，無需訴諸「剝削」「不平等機會」等外部因素。 **數學證明**： 假設財富積累速度正比於追求財富的動力(邊際效用)： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 若![](data:image/png;base64,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)，![](data:image/png;base64,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)，則： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 貧富差距![](data:image/png;base64,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)隨時間發散。 **5.3** **案例3****：社交網絡** **5.3.1 Instagram****網紅的粉絲效用** Instagram網紅的粉絲數與商業價值關係： **粉絲數** **每篇貼文報酬** **邊際報酬(****每增加10****萬粉絲)** 10萬 $500 - 50萬 $5,000 $1,125 100萬 $15,000 $2,000 500萬 $100,000 $2,125 數據顯示邊際報酬遞增(每增加10萬粉絲帶來的額外收入上升)。 **5.3.2 Metcalfe****定律的效用版本** 傳統Metcalfe定律：網絡價值![](data:image/png;base64,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)(n為節點數) **效用版本**：社交網絡消費者的效用正比於其在網絡中的連接數平方： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 當消費能增加連接數![](data:image/png;base64,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)時，邊際效用遞增。 **實證**：Aral & Walker(2012)發現，Facebook用戶的產品採納與其朋友數呈超線性關係。 **5.4** **案例4****：成癮機制** **5.4.1** **賭博成癮的遞增效用** 病態賭博者的賭注軌跡： - 初期：$10賭局獲得滿足 - 中期：需要$100賭局 - 後期：需要$1000+賭局 **矛盾**：輸錢比例上升(效用應下降)，但賭注反而增加(行為顯示邊際效用上升) **5.4.2** **系統耦合解釋** 賭博激發的系統隨時間演化： - 初期：僅刺激系統(![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFRQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOpDbZgAAZjoAZrbbZrb/kDoAtmYAtmY6tmZmtraQttv/tv//25A627Zm27aQ2////9uQ//+2///bdHaPgQAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAYElEQVQoU2NgGPRAWoCNkZFDGO5OfhZhBkl2ERhfiosXxQvSfEB5ZCDJzcSDqkKAkRPV1/wsEigC/KxArhjYDlGgUnE2XgZpQSEwH+QYZrB5SG4AayaRz8/IiO4MMqICAJYSA6TtniMzAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)：多巴胺) - 中期：耦合逃避系統(![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGNQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOjqQOmaQOpDbZgAAZjoAZrbbZrb/kDoAkDpmkLb/tmYAtmY6ttv/tv//25A625Bm27Zm27aQ2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bo2J1SAAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAb0lEQVQoU81RSRKAMAgDrXVfa7Uu1f7/lVIdHbl6kltCCGEA+H25XiIm+smphAYbDzfei5qd4Brqv8uWQcUVPeb8aiUWRqgIYJKYETuSdJY12HTZ/CYfJrz8XPuEOLHhQUzHPKm7vgSWfJAPfPnEARCiBGPO9xroAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)：逃避現實)、身份系統(![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGlQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOjqQOmaQOma2OpDbZgAAZgA6ZjoAZjqQZma2ZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kNv/tmYAtmY6ttv/tv//25A627aQ2////9uQ/9u2//+2///bSFIWNwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAb0lEQVQoU81QRw6AMAxL2HuPltHS/P+RFCFQc+aCb3Ecyw7A70EyQkyWN6cIFtDx+symHFgFGu3eha69niskFry1CBQjRAg0IWaW3ax0jwYwjTLVDHCF8W+/vXWvTOl13PVwk+lU0egkJYmYf//9CbxEBYtoO33VAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)：「我是賭徒」) - 後期：耦合生存系統(![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAcCAMAAACJShVNAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGNQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgBmOjpmOpDbZgAAZjoAZmY6Zma2ZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkGYAkNv/tmYAtmY6tpCQttv/tv//25A625Bm27aQ2////7Zm/9uQ//+2///b325qNgAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAbElEQVQoU81QSRKAMAgrVeu+VOuubf//SuFglbMXc2AmkAkBIX4PPyqAbA45TTwLmy43d0XHTvAa52/YUrZcMULOrzbxwRomQeo1qVYsu6IVW0WcwkTkdzY0CnA1SqfHZgUEt2V69O/l8Pn5FxTTBHIi1VLuAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)：還債、避免破產) **關鍵**：系統耦合數隨時間增加![](data:image/png;base64,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)，總效用權重上升。 **形式化**： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 其中![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAAcCAMAAACEVGUKAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFFQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OgBmOmaQOpC2OpDbZgAAZjoAZmaQZrb/kLbbkLb/kNv/tmYAtmY6tv//25A627Zm2////9uQ/9u2//+2YIjXDQAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAATUlEQVQoU2NgoB2Q4mbkg5ouwSYIY7GLQFmiLDCrhbjEWJkEgDwpbl5+BiGQuAQrUKsosziUAIsJcUHFpbhZGCR5wMo4hBmZOIGqqA0AczoC3jVct5IAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)為賭注，![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAcAAAAcCAMAAACanVW5AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAEtQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADqQAGa2OgA6OgBmOpDbZgAAZpDbZrb/kDoAkLb/kNv/tmYAtmY6tpBmtv//25A62////7Zm/9uQ//+2///bx7BqPwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAP0lEQVQYV2NgoBkQYxcCmS0hwCICpMQ5GRkZmYEiEjzcYCvF2PjAtChYmoGBnxVMSfBwSAjyAhnCjExclLsNALNwAcTAguzEAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)為成癮時間，![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAwAAAAcCAMAAABifa5OAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAD9QTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OpDbZgAAZrb/kDoAkNv/tmYAtv//25A62////7Zm/9uQ//+2///bnKQzbwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAV0lEQVQoU2NgGASAn5GRg0GYk5GJB+gYEW5WAQYGQUYukMOEOUEUPzMfiCMIooDSYBcD9YAAB4gtwg2ihNhB2mFaWICGoGnhBYkJsYG1ALWzwq2kUxAAALxPAptPIqeQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)為Heaviside函數。 當![](data:image/png;base64,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)時，四個系統同時激發，邊際效用可能超過初期。 **5.5** **案例5****：知識技能** **5.5.1** **專業技能的非線性回報** 程式設計師薪資與技能水平： **技能水平** **典型薪資(****年)** **邊際薪資** 初學者 $50k - 熟練工 $80k $30k 資深工程師 $150k $70k 架構師 $300k $150k 邊際報酬明顯遞增。 **5.5.2** **認知系統的相變** 技能學習涉及認知系統的相變： - 階段1：學習語法(單系統) - 階段2：能寫程式(單系統) - 階段3：**理解架構**(**系統性思維湧現**，多系統耦合) - 階段4：**設計系統**(**創造能力湧現**，高階耦合) **關鍵**：階段3-4的跨越激發了「元認知系統」「創造系統」，導致效用跳躍。 **形式化**： $$U(skill) = \begin{cases} a \cdot skill & skill < s_1 \ a \cdot skill + b \cdot skill^{1.5} & s_1 \leq skill < s_2 \ a \cdot skill + b \cdot skill^{1.5} + c \cdot skill^2 & skill \geq s_2 \end{cases}$$ ---------- **六、實證預測與可檢驗假設** **6.1** **預測1****：網絡消費比例上升** **假設H1**：隨經濟發展，網絡消費(多系統耦合)佔總消費的比例上升。 **可檢驗指標**： - 奢侈品市場份額 vs GDP - 社交媒體相關消費 vs 總消費 - 體驗型消費(餐廳、旅遊、活動) vs 商品型消費 **預測**：上述比例隨人均GDP遞增。 **初步證據**：Bain & Company(2021)數據顯示，奢侈品市場年增長率(8-10%)顯著高於整體消費(2-3%)。 **6.2** **預測2****：財富彈性的非單調性** **假設H2**：財富對消費的彈性隨財富水平非單調變化，在臨界點跳躍。 ![](data:image/png;base64,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) **可檢驗**：使用家庭消費調查數據，估計不同財富分位數的消費彈性。 **預測**：在![](data:image/png;base64,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)萬、![](data:image/png;base64,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)億附近，彈性出現不連續跳躍。 **6.3** **預測3****：累進稅的福利效應逆轉** **假設H3**：如果富人財富的邊際效用遞增，則累進稅導致的福利損失可能大於傳統理論預測。 **傳統理論**： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 若![](data:image/png;base64,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)遞減，![](data:image/png;base64,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)有限。 **新理論**： 若![](data:image/png;base64,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)遞增，![](data:image/png;base64,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)可能極大甚至無窮。 **可檢驗**：觀察高淨值個人面對稅率變化的實際反應(移民、避稅、政治遊說強度)。 **預測**：當稅率跨越臨界值(如40% → 50%)，富人的反應強度應非線性增加。 **6.4** **預測4****：奢侈品的價格-****需求正相關** **假設H4**：對強網絡耦合商品,存在價格區間使得需求與價格正相關(Veblen效應)。 **數學形式**： ![](data:image/png;base64,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) **可檢驗**：使用奢侈品拍賣數據、限量版商品發售數據。 **預測**：同一商品的高價版本(如限量版、客製化)需求高於低價版本,控制質量差異後仍成立。 **6.5** **預測5****：社交網絡位置與消費模式** **假設H5**：消費者的網絡中心性與其炫耀性消費強度正相關,且關係為凸函數。 ![](data:image/png;base64,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) **可檢驗**：結合社交媒體數據(Instagram, Facebook)與消費數據。 **預測**： - 粉絲數每增加一個量級,奢侈品消費增長率上升 - 網紅的消費模式與同收入非網紅顯著不同 **6.6** **預測6****：成癮的加速機制** **假設H6**：成癮物質/行為的消費量隨時間呈超線性增長。 ![](data:image/png;base64,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) **可檢驗**：使用賭博、遊戲、藥物成癮者的縱向數據。 **預測**：成癮者的消費量-時間曲線呈指數或冪律增長,而非線性。 ---------- **七、政策含義** **7.1** **稅制設計的重新審視** **7.1.1** **累進稅的正當性問題** 傳統論證(Mirrlees, 1971)： - 富人邊際效用低 → 多徵稅損失小 - 窮人邊際效用高 → 少徵稅收益大 - **結論**：累進稅提高總福利 **新框架下的問題**： - 若富人邊際效用遞增 → 多徵稅損失**極大** - 窮人邊際效用可能仍遞減 → 少徵稅收益有限 - **結論**：累進稅的福利改進不確定 **7.1.2** **最優稅率的重新計算** 傳統最優稅公式(Saez, 2001)： ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAGQAAAAwCAMAAADQIy+HAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAJNQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADo6ADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OgBmOjqQOma2OpC2OpDbZgAAZgA6ZjoAZjo6ZmYAZmaQZma2ZpC2ZpDbZra2ZrbbZrb/kDoAkGY6kLbbkNv/tmYAtmY6tmZmtpBmtpCQtrZmttvbtv//25A625Bm27Zm2/+22////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///b9i0+GAAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAABeklEQVRYR+2W21LCMBCGk4oSVKx4hnqogorStXn/pzOpMIRmsk2zyZXNDcwE9suef8aGM0RgiECKCMjHRQqzBza/BE8OWd9958khjNUY5GfGs4ebDTmeGATEdFPnF2SG4Yks+PacbN/+or6gnvriESPNFZx++Jpy/w6BwOSZMe0N+WAQsZDL6zEZAVcqDaN7h52SH78XaSu8Olfs6ghLySs1X7JQEBBIAcPtcjUnBhNmnGeuSDa2QaDXRP7f32N44nqILHXPZqq82S4ndh9TvVg/ySLCqOl6RtOl2NnNp+BPXdftKRA/XGrU0KdAV7CYSgmkr92S62HwX04fFfQZ2BG9VFAgpJ8KCoTgKqgtgkyICgE/813G6MZtiSADApM5gwCINQ5MEdS+rC87JtZB47g9sUWQ4Yl8E9y/1twQWwTtIXU+9c2HdgmBWCJoD6nUmpKlZ8RQFWSJICNcaiGOqLpB7wlbBAX3iXN5d4qgGIO3WwTFoAw2okfgF3vlIIfh7zi/AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) 其中![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAcCAMAAABvY94JAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGNQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OgBmOma2OpC2OpDbZgAAZjoAZmYAZmaQZpDbZra2Zrb/kDoAkNv/tmYAtmY6tpCQttvbtv//2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///boWEvGgAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAWElEQVQoU2NgGHRAjo+RSUhAGuguWXZuaXleHpALxVilGeR5hYEsMCnLKQWS5xCFyICUCitI8LOBPSPOyCIpAlIqwwUimEFKRYBMWXawUbJ8jIxMghR4GwDb2gQgYKq6BAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)為社會邊際福利權重,![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAgAAAAcCAMAAABrlg40AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAD9QTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6ADo6OgAAOgA6OjqQOpC2OpDbZgAAZgA6ZrbbkNv/tmY6tpBm27Zm2////7Zm/9uQ//+2///bxgG+zQAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAPElEQVQYV2NgGBjAz8LIyCbAwCDEys0gBGIIc/FAXCLCx8LIAaSFOdmBwkAgyMTDIMILkuVlZGTmpp57AZSnAWouYZevAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)為彈性。 **隱含假設**：邊際效用遞減 → ![](data:image/png;base64,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) **新框架**：若![](data:image/png;base64,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)遞增,則![](data:image/png;base64,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)可能很高,導致![](data:image/png;base64,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)(補貼富人)! **政策含義**：需重新校準社會福利函數,明確是「平等效用」還是「平等消費」。 **7.2** **反壟斷政策** **7.2.1** **網絡效應與自然壟斷** 當消費存在強網絡效應時: ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 所有消費者傾向使用同一平台(Facebook, Google),形成自然壟斷。 **傳統反壟斷**：拆分壟斷企業 **新框架困境**：拆分降低網絡效應 → 所有消費者效用下降 **政策建議**：從「拆分」轉向「互操作性監管」,保留網絡效應但開放競爭。 **7.3** **奢侈品稅** **7.3.1** **傳統奢侈稅的失效** 傳統邏輯：奢侈品需求彈性高 → 課稅效率損失小 **新框架**：奢侈品需求可能價格彈性為正(Veblen效應) → 課稅反而刺激需求! **實證**：法國1990年代奢侈遊艇稅導致產業崩潰,但高端珠寶稅收增加(價格上升反而促進銷售)。 **政策建議**：區分「孤立奢侈品」(遊艇)與「網絡奢侈品」(珠寶、時尚),差異化稅率。 **7.4** **數位經濟監管** **7.4.1** **數據的效用遞增特性** 用戶數據對平台的價值: ![](data:image/png;base64,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) **問題**：平台收集數據的邊際效用遞增 → 無限擴張動機 **傳統監管**：限制數據收集量 **新框架建議**： - 不限量,但限制**耦合度**(不得跨領域整合) - 例如：社交數據+購物數據整合應受限 **7.5** **教育投資** **7.5.1** **技能培訓的相變特性** 由於技能效用存在相變點,教育投資應： - **避免「半桶水」**：在相變點前停止訓練,效用極低 - **集中資源突破相變**：讓少數人達到高階,而非所有人達到中階 **政策含義**：精英教育 vs 普及教育的權衡需考慮技能的相變結構。 ---------- **八、討論與展望** **8.1** **理論局限** 本理論存在以下局限: **局限1****：耦合係數的識別** 目前缺乏系統方法測量![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADQAAAAcCAMAAAAZWWyCAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAI1QTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OjpmOjqQOma2OpDbZgAAZgA6ZgBmZjoAZmZmZma2ZpBmZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kGZmkLbbkNvbkNv/tmYAtmY6tmZmtpA6trb/ttu2ttv/tv//25A625Bm27Zm2/+22////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bERH03gAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAABDElEQVQ4T+1TS3uCMBBMAMWWh7a2jVbAtjZVCMn//3ndLBiIJAcuPfh1D7nM7GNmN4T8xx048BPT4G2mDh6eCA+/Z2XJDLo0M5OQXy5djdodzN0ExRQDvqoi13QyS2rxsEmnOYpBrRenoHJRE5nBMwmxKkibvTqyUKyIXb6iJO4rR3Q3QtRO6+JGOFqgIQOUvXJooqqnxeV5NIViWqFiwD/TsVi57l35oFEhYhSGlaFYlyTzLdwDSBoAkShGbSUcqVBM5nrOYasG4Gm7f7eNqZAK7Y64s0GcAUp6ex5y/fUJ1KuGbkYdBpD5gaWttRxcVmeUHQYQj3VjGdPzvOfpv1vFPL/HC8z6NX9E/gWvoxhx6TXeIgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)。需要發展實驗經濟學、神經經濟學方法。 **局限2****：動態演化** 本文主要討論靜態效用函數,但耦合網絡本身隨時間演化(如成癮案例)。需要建立動態模型。 **局限3****：異質性** 不同個體的系統耦合模式可能完全不同。需要發展個體層面的實證方法。 **8.2** **與行為經濟學的關係** 本理論與行為經濟學既互補又區別: **互補**： - 前景理論(Kahneman & Tversky)揭示了參考點依賴 → 可視為「心理賬戶」系統的耦合 - 現時偏好(present bias)可視為短期與長期效用系統的耦合失調 **區別**： - 行為經濟學：人是「非理性」的 - 本理論：人是「多系統理性」的,看似非理性是因為觀察者只看到單系統 **8.3** **與複雜系統理論的對話** 本理論深度借鑒複雜系統理論: **網絡科學**： - Barabási的無標度網絡 → 社交網絡的效用函數 - 小世界網絡 → 解釋為何某些消費能快速傳播 **相變理論**： - 效用相變 ≈ 物理相變(水→冰) - 臨界現象 → 消費者行為的突變 **分形理論**： - 效用系統的自相似性 → FDCS的分形因果結構 **8.4** **未來研究方向** **方向1****：神經經濟學驗證** 使用fMRI測量多系統同時激發時的腦區活動,驗證耦合假設。 **方向2****：大數據實證** 利用電商平台、社交媒體的海量數據,估計個體層面的效用函數形態。 **方向3****：演化博弈論整合** 在群體層面,遞增效用消費者與遞減效用消費者的演化動力學。 **方向4****：宏觀經濟學擴展** 將多系統耦合引入宏觀模型,解釋消費波動、泡沫形成等。 **方向5****：跨文化比較** 不同文化中系統耦合模式的差異(如集體主義 vs 個人主義社會)。 **8.5** **哲學反思** 本理論的哲學含義: **本體論**：效用不是物品的內在屬性,而是**關係性湧現**。 **認識論**：傳統經濟學的「原子論」視角(孤立個體 + 外部性修正)應被「網絡論」視角(嵌入網絡的耦合主體)取代。 **價值論**：如果效用是耦合的產物,那麼「個人福利」本身就是社會建構,無法脫離網絡單獨定義。 這與現象學(Heidegger的「此在」即「在世存有」)、結構主義(Lévi-Strauss的關係優先性)遙相呼應。 ---------- **九、結論** 本文建立了基於多系統耦合的效用理論新框架,對新古典經濟學的核心假設——邊際效用遞減定律——提出系統性質疑與重構。我們的核心論證可總結為: **1.** **邊際效用遞減是特例而非普遍規律** 該定律僅在孤立單系統消費情境下成立(如生理需求),而現代經濟中大量消費屬於多系統耦合(社交、身份、權力等),在此情境下邊際效用呈遞增。 **2.** **效用是多系統耦合的湧現性質** 我們將效用重構為![](data:image/png;base64,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),即消費量、耦合網絡拓撲、耦合性質的函數,而非傳統的![](data:image/png;base64,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)。 **3.** **耦合節點數決定效用函數形態** 證明了耦合節點數![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAAcCAMAAACEVGUKAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFdQTFRFAAAAAAAAAABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OgBmOpCQOpDbZjoAZrb/kDoAkGY6kGaQkJC2kNv/tmYAtpBmttv/tv//25A62//b2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2///bjf122wAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAASklEQVQoU2NgGHAgw8fII83NyMXAICwixCkgIcYiwcAgw8vKwCAExAxS7IJAHg+QJckkyiDFIQpkgSQkWcT5gRJAbZJszCBBqgIATbcC3DVX6wcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)與效用函數凹凸性的關係:![](data:image/png;base64,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)時遞減,![](data:image/png;base64,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)且存在強非線性耦合時遞增。 **4.** **相變機制解釋消費的跳躍性** 當消費量跨越臨界閾值激發新系統時,效用函數發生相變,邊際效用階躍式上升。 **5.** **財富不平等具有系統動力學必然性** 若富人的財富邊際效用遞增,則其追求財富的動力超過窮人,導致差距自然擴大,無需訴諸外部「不公」因素。 **6.** **傳統政策工具需根本重構** 累進稅、反壟斷、福利政策都建立在遞減假設上,在遞增經濟中其正當性與有效性需重新審視。 本理論統一解釋了奢侈品市場、財富集中、網絡效應、成癮機制等傳統理論無法處理的現象,並對數位經濟、平台壟斷、稅制改革提供新的分析框架。 **從歷史視角看**,本文標誌著效用理論的第三次革命: - **第一次**(1870s)：從古典勞動價值論到邊際效用論 - **第二次**(1930s)：從基數效用到序數效用 - **第三次**(本文)：從孤立效用到耦合效用 我們相信,隨著網絡社會的深化、數位經濟的擴張、虛擬消費的興起,多系統耦合將成為效用理論的新常態,而傳統的邊際效用遞減定律將成為歷史遺物——一個只在農業社會孤立消費情境下成立的特例。 **經濟學需要一場範式革命,****從線性世界觀轉向網絡世界觀,****從孤立主體轉向耦合主體,****從均衡思維轉向相變思維。** 本文是這場革命的一個起點。 ---------- **參考文獻方向** (由於這是理論構建性論文,以下僅列出關鍵文獻類別,實際發表時需補充完整引用) **古典效用理論** - Gossen, H. 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"The Structure and Function of Complex Networks" - Prigogine, I. (1977). "Self-Organization in Nonequilibrium Systems" **實證研究** - Bagwell, L. S., & Bernheim, B. D. (1996). "Veblen Effects" - Han, Y. J., et al. (2010). "Signaling Status with Luxury Goods" - Gilens, M., & Page, B. I. (2014). "Testing Theories of American Politics"